a. Compliances

The IHI Group believes that in order to achieve sustainable growth together with society and its customers, it is important to meet the expectations of its stakeholders and earn their trust. Based on this belief, the Group has summarized what the Group should do in "Basic Code of Conduct for the IHI Group", which the Group expects its officers and employees to follow. In addition, to instill the importance of compliance, the President and other senior executives have been persistently addressing messages to seek ensuring implementation of compliance on occasions such as "Compliance Day" on May 10th each year and the President's New Year Greeting.
In terms of organizational structure, the Group has established the Compliance Committee, a company-wide organization under the Risk Management Conference, to deliberate on and formulate important compliance-related policies and promote activities.
Furthermore, the IHI Group operates "IHI Group Compliance Hotline" as an internal reporting system to prevent or promptly identify violations or potential violations of laws, regulations, internal rules, and internal and external rules by all officers and employees, and to take appropriate corrective measures.
However, in the event of a violation of laws or regulations by some officers or employees, the Group's business performance and financial position may be adversely affected due to losses resulting from fines, surcharges, or additional taxation, lost opportunities resulting from administrative penalties such as suspension of business, or a decline in social reputation resulting from such violations.

At its consolidated subsidiary, IHI Power Systems Co., Ltd., the cases were found to have made improper alterations in the test operation records for marine engines and land-use engines. Based on the investigation findings and recommendations from a special investigation committee composed of outside experts, including lawyers, recurrence prevention measures were formulated and announced as IHI Corporation and IHI Power Systems Co., Ltd. on October 30, 2024.
At its consolidated subsidiary, Niigata Transys Co., Ltd., the cases were found that certain snowplows manufactured and sold to customers with specifications differed from those presented to. Based on the investigation findings into the facts and causes, the comprehensive performance tests of the subject snow removal models have been conducted, and then the Group respond to customers and formulated recurrence prevention measures of such behavior.
Furthermore, regarding the mechanical parking system business of IHI Transport Machinery Co., Ltd., which was subject to an on-site inspection by the Japan Fair Trade Commission (hereinafter “JFTC”) in September, 2023, it was determined to had engaged in a violation of the Antimonopoly Act on March 24, 2025. IHI Transport Machinery Co., Ltd. voluntarily reported the violation to JFTC by applying for leniency program, and consistently cooperated with the JFTC’s investigation, which resulted in the exemption from surcharges and a cease-and-desist order.

In response to the above misconducts, the Group has been fully committed to preventing recurrence by implementing measures such as communication from top managements, revising internal regulations, strengthening compliance training, enhancing personnel rotation, and conducting dialogue activities in workplace. The Group have also worked on building a system to prevent misconduct behavior and reevaluating of organizational culture. The Group will continue to make sincere efforts as one to establish compliance as a true corporate culture and to regain the stakeholders' trust.

b. Environmental conservation

Within its manufacturing process, the IHI Group has business offices, subsidiaries, and other entities using substances that could cause adverse effects including pollution of the atmosphere, water, or soil. The Group takes the utmost care in managing these substances, and even in the unlikely event of substances leaking outside the Group’s facilities, the Group has measures in place to minimize their spread. However, an unanticipated situation could arise, leading to deterioration in the Group’s reputation within society, as well as liability for damages. If this risk materializes, the Group's business performance and financial position could be adversely affected.

c. Human rights and diversity

In order to maintain the IHI Group's business foundation and link it to future growth, the Group respects human rights throughout its business activities (e.g., by establishing a whistleblower contact point as a grievance mechanism for stakeholders in the value chain). The Group strives to foster an organizational culture in which individuals with diverse personalities and values can play an active role. However, if an event that violates or disrespects human rights occurs in the Group's business activities, the Group may lose social credibility or be liable for suspension of transactions with customers or compensation for damages. In addition, a lack of diversity in the decision-making process in management could have a negative impact on the Group's business performance and financial position.

d. Control of affiliated companies

The IHI Group is committed to providing high value to its customers through group management. To this end, each company in the Group must not only conduct its business in accordance with the laws and social norms of each country and region but must also promote appropriate group management. However, inappropriate responses or independent management decisions by affiliated companies in response to other risks may cause damage or loss of reputation among customers, resulting in adverse effects on its group's business performance and social credibility.

e. Health and safety

The IHI Group takes all possible measures to manage health and safety at its business offices and construction sites. However, in the unlikely event of an unexpected accident, disaster, or other incident, production activities could be impeded, leading to an adverse effect on the Group's business performance and financial position. The Group maintains a range of property and casualty insurance policies, among other measures, but if a major accident or disaster were to occur, the Group may not be able to claim insurance to cover all its losses.

a. Competitive environment and business strategy

Under the medium-term management plan "Group Management Policies 2023," the IHI Group is promoting initiatives to achieve sustainable high growth through a bold shift of management resources to Growth and Development-focus Businesses, even in a social environment where instability is the norm.
In the ammonia value chain business, which the Group is developing as a pillar of its Development-focus Businesses, a significant change in the assumed fuel ammonia demand, the timing of its diffusion, and other preconditions could affect the Group's future business portfolio.

b. Partnerships, M&A, and business integration

The IHI Group conducts joint business activities with numerous other companies in the form of joint ventures and cooperation in marketing, technology, and production. The Group also makes effective use of M&A in order to expedite business expansion into growth markets, supplement its underlying technologies, and generate synergies, among other purposes. However, such activities may not deliver the benefits originally expected due to changes in the economic environment, legal regulations, unforeseen cost increases, or other factors. Moreover, if the Group judges that the benefits originally expected cannot be obtained, it may decide to suspend or terminate business integration based on a partnership with another company. The Group's business performance and financial position could be adversely affected as a result.

c. Country risk

The IHI Group conducts its activities including procurement, production, export, sales, and construction on a global basis. If the continuation of business activities or the operation of business sites could become difficult due to political or economic turmoil in each country and region and a resulting freeze on currency exchange transactions, or debt defaults, or seizure of investment assets, occurrence of unforeseen acts of terrorism or labor disputes, political instability, defaults, or other factors, the Group's business performance and financial position could be adversely affected. Against these risks, the Group endeavors to ensure that it is fully covered by trade insurance, strives to gather information regarding country risks and to raise awareness among Group employees, to review of the information sharing framework, and strengthens structure such as preparation and review of business continuity plan (BCP).
The Group perceives that increasing uncertainty such as growing tensions in the Middle East and Ukraine, political conflicts between the U.S. and China, and the expanding impact of economic security issues, among other factors.

d. Economic security

The business environment surrounding the Group, which provides defense equipment and social infrastructure, is undergoing significant changes amidst increasing complexity of international relations driven by factors such as signs in shifts in relationships among the allied nations influenced by various policies implemented following the inauguration of the Trump administration in the U.S on top of the heightened tensions in the Middle East and Ukraine and political conflicts between the U.S. and China.
Under such circumstances, the Group strives to mitigate risks related to economic security through internal transaction reviews and screening of business partners. However, if the Group were to engage in transactions that violate the national policies or legal regulations of Japan or other countries, or if its responses to issues related to the economic security are inadequate, the Group’s reputation and social credibility could be damaged and it could lead to lost sales opportunities or suspension of business operations, and adverse impacts on the Group's business performance and financial position.
Additionally, in response to the growing importance of information protection due to the increasing complexity of international relations, the Group is strengthening measures not only traditional cybersecurity but also other initiatives such as to prevent human-related information leaks and enhance physical security measures.

e. Natural disasters, disease, conflict, terrorism

The IHI Group reviews its regulations and business continuity plan (BCP), conducts emergency drills as necessary, and maintains appropriate insurance to minimize the impact of any event that may disrupt business operations such as the spread of a large-scale infectious disease such as a new coronavirus, an earthquake, flood, or other severe disaster, or a criminal act such as terrorism. However, a disaster on an unanticipated scale could make it impossible to execute business operations appropriately. Such eventualities could adversely affect the Group's business performance and financial position.

a. Human resource risks

In order to maintain the IHI Group's business foundation and link it to future growth, it is necessary to acquire, retain, develop, and appropriately assign the human resources required for business operations. If the Group fails to hire outside personnel or secure and develop key personnel, such as leads transformation, or a failure to properly assign personnel, the Group’s future growth, business performance and financial position could be adversely affected.

b. Financial activities

(a)Currency movements
Currency movements have impacts on the IHI Group's business performance and financial position. For example, when the yen appreciates against foreign currencies, the Group’s income from construction work for export denominated in foreign currencies decreases in value after conversion into yen, and when the yen depreciates it leads to increases in the yen values of expenditures for overseas procurement denominated in local currencies. The Group therefore endeavors to hedge against the risk of imbalance in its position with regard to assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies by ensuring full use of forward exchange contracts, and marry and netting, based on a set policy. However, exchange rates may fluctuate more than anticipated, and if this risk materializes, the Group's business performance and financial position could be adversely affected.

(b)Interest rate movements
If interest rates rise, the IHI Group’s interest expenses increase and its financial balance deteriorates. Moreover, the Group may be subject to less favorable financing terms when taking out loans or issuing bonds, adversely affecting its fund procurement. As a consequence, therefore, the Group's business performance and financial position could also be adversely affected.

(c)Fund procurement and credit ratings
The IHI Group’s loans include syndicated loans with associated financial covenants relating to shareholders’ equity and profits. If the Group were to violate these covenants as a result of deterioration in business performance or any other cause, the terms of the loan in question could be revised, or an obligation to repay the loan before the due date could arise, leading to an adverse effect on the Group's business performance and financial position.
Moreover, if a credit rating agency downgrades the Group’s credit rating, the Group could be forced to execute its financing transactions under disadvantageous terms, or it could become unable to execute certain transactions, adversely affecting its fund procurement. As a consequence, therefore, the Group's business performance and financial position could also be adversely affected.

(d)Loan guarantees
The IHI Group issues guarantees and takes other appropriate measures with regard to loans it has confirmed as necessary and rational in order to conduct its business activities. However, if the debtor’s financial position deteriorates as a result of a prolonged downturn in the economic environment or a business failure, the creditors may demand that the Group fulfills these guarantees.
Information regarding loan guarantees and related measures is included in Note “41. Contingent liabilities” under “Notes to consolidated financial statements” of the “Financial information” section in this Annual Securities Report.

(e)Taxation
To calculate its deferred tax assets, the IHI Group books or reverses individual assets, including forecasts and assumptions regarding future taxable income. However, if forecasts and assumptions regarding future taxable income change and the Group judges that part or all of the deferred tax assets cannot be recovered, the Group’s deferred tax assets could be decreased. The Group's business performance and financial position could be adversely affected as a result.
Furthermore, when transaction prices are determined between group companies across national borders, the IHI Group makes every effort to comply with the transfer pricing taxation system that is applicable. However, in the event that the IHI Group has differences in interpretation with a tax authority, the penalty tax or double taxation that arises could adversely affect the Group's business performance and financial position.

(f)Management of credit exposure
The IHI Group supplies products and services to customers worldwide, and most of its sales transactions employ credit or promissory notes. With regard to these transactions, the Group as a whole endeavors to bolster its system for management of credit exposure and to ensure rigorous protection of receivables. Despite such measures, however, a key customer could fall into bankruptcy, making it impossible to recover receivables from that customer. If this risk materializes, the Group's business performance and financial position could be adversely affected.
Due to the filing for bankruptcy by an airline company in May 2023, there is a possibility that a portion of the accounts receivable that the Group indirectly hold in the engine program in which the Group participates through an international joint venture company for civil aero engines may become uncollectible. In response to this matter, the Group is taking steps for the enhancement of debt management in order to reduce the risk of debt collection.

c. Information security

The IHI Group takes appropriate information security measures when using technical and administrative information, as well as information systems for processing such information in its business. The Group is also strengthening these measures in response to the increasing sophistication of cyber-attacks and the rise in teleworking, while thoroughly educating employees on information security. However, cyber-attacks, loss or theft of information equipment and documents, network outages, or inadequate hardware and software could result in information leaks or business stoppages, which could adversely affect the Group's business performance and financial position.

a. Research and development

Information relating to the IHI Group’s research and development activities is included in “6. Research and development activities” under “Ⅱ. Overview of business” in this Annual Securities Report. Due to the nature of the Group’s business, these research and development activities are characterized by the fact that they require large financial investments and long development periods. Research and development could therefore fail to lead to satisfactory outcomes because opportunities for practical application are lost, timings are inconsistent with the Group’s business strategies or market trends, or for other reasons. Such eventualities could adversely affect the Group's business performance and financial position.

b. Intellectual property management

The IHI Group endeavors to appropriately safeguard its intellectual property. However, the products and services handled by the Group are broad-ranging, and it can sometimes prove difficult to completely prevent attempts by third parties such as imitating or analyzing the Group’s products or services.
Moreover, the products and services the Group is developing for the future could potentially infringe on the intellectual property rights of other companies and organizations, or the Group could fail to handle an employee’s invention appropriately, resulting in a claim for compensation or other redress being made against the Group. Such eventualities could adversely affect the Group's business performance and financial position.

c. Project management

The IHI Group believes that the success or failure of both large projects and investments significantly depends on initial planning, especially for new projects or those not implemented for some time. In response, the Group has established a risk management system with screening processes before accepting orders or making investments.
In many cases, the Group manufactures products for large projects after concluding individual order contracts with customers and conducts a multifaceted internal review before concluding an order contract. However, such factors as unanticipated changes in the economic environment -including sudden fluctuations in material and equipment prices or transportation costs, disruptions in the supply chain, and exchange rate fluctuations- inadequate prior investigation, unexpected complications, or a business downturn at a joint venture partner or other partner may cause construction work that exceeds the original estimate, payment of penalties if the Group is unable to achieve the level of performance or delivery date required by the customer, or additional costs. As a result, the Group's business performance and financial position could be adversely affected. In addition, the Group makes every possible effort to avoid risks associated with cancellation of an order contract at the request of a customer, including insertion of a penalty clause in the terms of its order contracts, but it may not always be possible to fully recover costs disbursed. As a result, the Group's business performance and financial position could be adversely affected.
For large investments, the Group conducts an internal review of the investment execution plan from the perspective of profitability and risk before the investment is made. However, there is a possibility that the target investment efficiency may not be achieved or losses may be recorded due to changes in the economic environment or market that could not be assumed at the time of investment decision-making, or troubles caused by the company or its partners, which may adversely affect the Group's business performance and financial position.
For both large projects and large investments, the Group conducts a multifaceted and complex risk review in collaboration with internal and external experts and the reviewing department at head office in the pre-commitment and pre-investment review process.
After accepting an order or making an investment, the Group strengthens its monitoring of initial plans and responds to new events and risks, in collaboration with each Business Area's risk management departments, to ensure thorough project risk management.

d. Procurement and logistics

Whilst the IHI Group endeavors to manufacture key components within the Group, it also takes delivery of raw materials, components, and services from multiple external suppliers. The Group strives to ensure reliable procurement by working to constantly gather information on market trends for its key raw materials and components and engaging in dialogue with suppliers. In addition, the Group takes steps to reduce risk, such as rigorously monitoring suppliers’ product quality and delivery dates, and diversifying procurement sources to avoid excessive concentration or dependency on particular suppliers. However, in case of occurrence of such problems as sudden changes in the prices for material and equipment, or in the demand and supply balance, and rise in procurement costs in the process of promoting CSR procurement for the purpose of respecting human rights and realizing sustainable society, as well as in the international situation, in addition to disruption of its supply chain caused by a severe disaster and a spread of infectious diseases, they may cause problems including increased costs or delayed deliveries. These problems could lead to deterioration in the Group's business performance and financial position.

e. Design and manufacturing

The IHI Group owns production sites in a variety of locations. In the regions where these bases are located, the production capacity may be impaired and adversely result the Group's business performance and financial position when severe disasters, the spread of large-scale infectious diseases such as COVID-19, production delays/suspensions and supply chain disruption due to sudden changes in international situations, or difficulties in procuring materials and equipment, or power restriction that affect production activities occur, and the impact exceeds the scope anticipated in their business continuity plan (BCP).

f. Quality assurance

The IHI Group establishes quality management system and develops structures and systems to assure quality in order to provide products and services realizing customers’ satisfaction, safely, and security. This system includes the reflection of necessary requirements including customer demands and responses to risks assumed in the planning stage.
However, an unanticipated situation related to quality assurance could arise, leading to deterioration in customer’s evaluation and the Group’s reputation within society, as well as liability for damages. If this risk materializes, the Group's business performance and financial position could be adversely affected.